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@ Panel generation factor (PGF) is a key element in the size determination of solar photovoltaic cells on the basis of total watt peak rating and then for estimating the number of panels required for a particular SPV plant, which varies with the solar intensity and sunshine period of the site.
Energy required from PV modules
Energy required from PV modules can be calculated by multiplying peak energy requirement in kW h/day times 1.3 (the energy lost in the system) to get the total kW h/day which must be provided by the panels
Peak energy requirement of the zone during the on-season period was=634,175.07 kW h/month=21,139.169 kW h/day
- Energy lost in the SPV system=30%
- Energy required from PV modules=1.3×21,139.169=27,481
- Total watt peak rating for PV modules
Total Watt peak rating is calculated using the energy required to be produced from the solar PV modules and the panel generation factor.
SANYO HIT-215NHE5 (Hetero-junction with Intrinsic Thin layer) PV modules are selected for the power plant and the solar cell of the module is made of a thin mono crystalline silicon wafer surrounded by ultra-thin amorphous silicon layers. Characteristics of the HIT cell module are given
Characteristics of a HIT-215NHE5 PV module.
| S. No. | Parameter | Units | Values |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Maximum power (Pmax) | W | 215 |
| 2 | Max. power voltage (Vpm) | V | 42.0 |
| 3 | Max. power current (Ipm) | A | 5.13 |
| 4 | Open circuit voltage (VOC) | V | 51.6 |
| 5 | Short circuit current (ISC) | A | 5.61 |
| 6 | Warranted minimum power (Pmin) | W | 204.3 |
| 7 | Output power tolerance | % | +10/-5 |
| 8 | Maximum system voltage | Vdc | 1000 |
| 9 | Temperature coefficient of Pmax | %/°C | −0.3 |
| 10 | Temperature coefficient of VOC | V/°C | −0.129 |
| 11 | Temperature coefficient of ISC | mA/°C | 1.68 |
Note 1: Standard test conditions: air mass 1.5, irradiance=1000 W/m2, cell temperature=25 °C.
Number of PV modules required
Total numbers of PV modules required in the power plant are estimated by using the total watt peak rating required and the PV module peak rated output.
Ma
3.6. Inverter sizing
Size of the inverter used in PV power plant depends on the total peak watts requirement. Total wattage required in the garment zone was 2.5 MW. The inverter must be large enough to handle the total peak watt requirement of the zone at any time. The inverter size should be 25–30% bigger [12] than the total wattage of the appliances and machines. Inverter size=2.5 MW×1.3=3.25 MW.
SatCon PowerGate Plus 500 kW 480/3 Inverter is considered for the PV power plant which has an inbuilt maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system.
- Number of inverters required=Inverter size/rating of an inverter=7
- Inverter wattage=7×500=3500 kW=3.5 MW
MPPT is a fully electronic system that varies the electrical operating point of the modules so that the modules are able to deliver maximum available power. MPPT is not a mechanical tracking system that “physically moves” the modules to make them point directly towards the sun. Additional power harvested from the modules is then made available as increased current
3.7. Battery sizing
- Total battery watt hours used per day=21.14×106 W h/day
- Battery loss=15%
- Depth of discharge for battery=40%
- Nominal battery voltage=96 V
3.8. PV modules circuit
- Maximum open circuit voltage=780 Vdc
- Open circuit voltage (VOC) of each PV module=51.6 Vdc
- Number of modules to be connected in series=(780/51.6)=15.11–16
- Maximum power voltage (Vmp) of each PV module=42 Vdc
- Maximum power voltage (Vmp) at inverter input=16×42=672 Vdc
- Total number of PV arrays to be used for producing 672 Vdc=
3.9. Land required
- Number of PV modules required=22,230
- Dimension of one PV module=1.57 m×0.798 m
- Number of modules in an array connected in series
- Total width of each PV array=16×0.798=12.77 m
- Length of one PV module=1.57 m
- Number of arrays in PV field=1390
- Number of arrays in a row=16
- Width of the solar field=16×12.77=205 m
- Number of rows in solar field=87
- Pitch distance between two arrays (including module length of 1.57 m)=3 m
- Length of the solar field=86×3+1.57=259.57 m
- Land required for PV field=205×259.57–53,212 m2=13.14 acres
- [1 acre=4047 m2].
4. Off-site solar photovoltaic power plant
Sitapura industrial area is located in the vicinity of Jaipur city and there is a scarcity of land and the available lands are very costly. Looking at the scarcity and high land prices near the city, off-site proposal of the power plant has also been considered. In off-site solar power plant the design calculations for PV modules, inverter and land requirement are the same except the cost of the land.5. Project cost
5.1. Module and inverter cost
- Cost of each PV module=$528.9
- Total cost of 22,230 module used for 2.5 MW ($1=INR 50)=$11,757,447=INR 587.87 million
- Cost of each inverter of 500 kW capacity=5.75 million INR
- Total cost of 7 inverters=40.31 million INR
5.2. Design engineering and management cost
- Labor cost for design, engineering and project management=Rs. 200/man-hour
- Design, engineering and project management hours per kWp=2 h
- Total design, engineering and project management cost for 2.5 MW=1.00 million INR
5.3. Installation labor cost
- Labor cost for installation=Rs. 50/man-hour
- Installation man-hour required for per kWp=12 h
- Total labor cost for installation of 2.5 MW PV power plant=1.5 million INR
- Table 3.
Project cost of PV power plant of 2.5 MW capacity. S. No. Particular for off-site PV power plant Million INR 1 Module cost 587.87 2 Array structure 23.12 3 Electrical items 32.30 4 Inverters 40.31 5 Design, engineering and project management cost 1.00 6 Total labor cost for installation 1.50 7 Installation hardware—civil, shade, Fencing 5.00 8 Packing and Freight 0.50 Total cost for off-site plant 691.6 Additional cost for on-site PV power plant 9 Land cost 207.56 10 Batteries 22.50 Total cost for on-site plant 921.66
5.4. Operation and maintenance cost
- Fixed O and M cost=INR 5.48 million/MW h
- Variable O and M cost=INR 4.95/MW h
5.5. Capacity factor
Capacity factor is a key driver of the solar PV plant's economics. Majority of the expenses for a PV power plant are fixed in nature and levelized cost of energy is used to correlate the utilization of the power plant.
Ma- Energy required to be generated from the plant=21,139.17 kW h/day
- Annual energy to be generated from the plant=21,139.17×365=7.716×106 kW h
- Peak capacity requirement of the PV plant=2.5×103 kWp
5.6. Levelized cost of energy
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) is equivalent to the average price consumers would have to pay to exactly repay the investor for the capital, O&M and fuel costs with a rate of return equal to the discount rate. For this SPV power plant LCOE are Rs. 14.94/kW h and 11.40/kW h for on-site and off-site PV power plant respectively, taking the 25 year life of the power plant @ 10% discount rate- Table 4.
Levelized cost of energy for SPV plant for different discount rates and project life. Discount rate (%) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 Life of plant (years) (ON-SITE) LCOE (Rs./kW h) 25 11.46 12.28 13.14 14.03 14.94 15.88 16.83 19.80 20 12.43 13.22 14.03 14.87 15.74 16.62 17.53 20.35 15 14.15 14.90 15.67 16.46 17.26 18.09 18.94 21.58 (OFF-SITE) LCOE (Rs./kW h) 25 8.78 9.40 10.05 10.71 11.40 12.10 12.81 15.04 20 9.51 10.10 10.72 11.35 11.99 12.66 13.34 15.46 15 10.81 11.37 11.94 12.53 13.14 13.76 14.40 16.38
6. Financial analysis
Four scenarios are considered for financial analysis of the power project viz (i) pre-tax scenario, (ii) post-tax scenario, (iii) pre-tax with equity and (iv) post-tax with equity for both on-site and off-site options. The financial analysis is carried out considering the 25 years of plant life. In pre-tax scenario financial performances for the project are determined without considering the tax and duties. For post-tax scenario 0% tax is taken for first 10 years and 4% afterwards is specified for the solar power plant in Rajasthan. Also, 7% depreciation is considered for first ten years and 1.33% afterwardsPre-tax and post-tax analysis with equity share of 70% of total investment is considered by taking loans from financial institutions with 11.75% interest rate. Loan term and interest rate is taken as specified by World Bank . An additional cash flow i.e. yearly installment of the loan has also come into the analysis .- Table 5.
Financial analysis for proposed SPV (Price in million INR). Analysis Pre-tax Post-tax Pre-tax with equity Post-tax with equity On site Off site On site Off site On site Off site On site Off site NPV @ 10% 119.52 249.78 108.39 238.49 135.30 211.37 124.09 200.16 NPV @ 15% −142.48 3.39 −147.76 −1.95 −17.36 60.24 −22.67 54.93 IRR (%) 11.88 15.10 11.88 14.94 14.18 18.92 13.91 18.64 Simple payback period (years) 7.73 6.29 7.73 6.29 10.39 6.27 10.39 6.27 Discounted payback period (years) @ 10% 15.53 10.14 15.53 10.14 15.21 9.65 15.44 9.65 Discounted payback period (years) @ 15% Never 17.18 Never 17.50 26.33 13.24 28.61 13.24
7. Conclusion
Study has been carried out to assess the technical feasibility and economic viability of a 2.5 MW capacity solar photovoltaic power plant for meeting the energy demand of garment zone, Jaipur considering on-site and off-site options. For this power generation total 22,230 PV modules are required with 16 modules in each row. Seven inverters with MPPT controller of 3.5 MW capacity and battery bank of 431,781 Ah are required to supply the power and the total land area required is 13.11 acres.In on-site power plant PV modules are placed also on the roof of industries and modules are connected to a centralized battery bank and inverter. For off-site SPV power plant no battery bank is required as all the power generated is supplied to the grid simultaneously and a centralized inverter is used with a step-up transformer.The power plant can generate 10.03 GW h electricity in first year at 35.23% plant capacity factor. After 25 years, considering cumulative degradation of 11.01%, electricity generation from the plant will be i.e. 8.96GW h. Levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is Rs. 14.94/kW h and 11.40/kW h for on-site and off-site PV power plants respectively, considering 25 years of plant life @ 10% discount rate.Financial performance indicators (internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV) and payback periods) are analyzed for four financial cases i.e. pre-tax analysis, post-tax analysis, equity analysis pre-tax and equity analysis post-tax. Financial analysis shows that the off-site PV power generation option is better because of land scarcity near the city.
