India is a tropical country with 1.25 billion people developing by 7.5% gdp growth rate bringing an industrial revolution along with primary sectors of agriculture,small scale industries & large scale industries. Also the world is aiming to prevail their market in India for its large population.
The main economic hurdle in front of our economy is thriving energy deficiency to run the economy at a faster pace . hence green energy is the best solution that is felt to the Government as well as common man.
With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's theoretically calculated solar Energy incidence on its land area alone, is about 5,000 trillion (kWh) per year (or 5 EWh/yr). The solar energy available in a year exceeds the possible energy output of all fossil fuel energy reserves in India. The daily average solaar power plant generation capacity over India is 0.25 kWh per m2 of used land area, which is equivalent to about 1,500–2,000 peak (rated) capacity operating hours in a year with the available Commercially proven technologies.
On 16 May 2011, India’s first 5 MW of installed capacity solar power project was registered under the Clean Development Mechanism. The project is in Sivagangai Village,Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu.[4] In January 2015, the Indian government significantly expanded its solar plans, targeting US$100 billion of investment and 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022.
Current status
Government-funded solar electricity in India was approximately 6.4 MW per year as of 2005. India is ranked number one in terms of solar electricity production per watt installed, with an insolation of 1,700 to 1,900 kilowatt hours per kilowatt peak (kWh/KWp). 25.1 MW was added in 2010 and 468.3 MW in 2011. As of 31 August 2015, the installed grid connected solar power capacity is 4,229.36 MW,and India expects to install an additional 10,000 MW by 2017, and a total of 100,000 MW by 2022
State wise installed solar power
| Year | Cumulative Capacity (in MW) |
|---|---|
| 2010 | |
| 2011 | |
| 2012 | |
| 2013 | |
| 2014 | |
| 2015 |
| State | MWp | % | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Andaman & Nicobar | 5.1 | ||
| Andhra Pradesh | 268.46 | 6.55 | |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 0.025 | ||
| Chandigarh | 5.041 | ||
| Chhattisgarh | 10.28 | ||
| Delhi | 6.712 | ||
| Gujarat | 1000.05 | 24.4 | |
| Haryana | 12.8 | ||
| Jharkhand | 16 | ||
| Karnataka | 88.22 | 2.15 | |
| Lakshadweep | 0.75 | ||
| Madhya Pradesh | 603.58 | 14.7 | |
| Maharashtra | 378.7 | 9.2 | |
| Odisha | 31.92 | ||
| Puducherry | 0.025 | ||
| Punjab | 195.27 | 4.77 | |
| Rajasthan | 1163.7 | 28.4 | |
| Tamil Nadu | 157.99 | 3.86 | |
| Telangana | 62.75 | 1.53 | |
| Tripura | 5 | ||
| Uttar Pradesh | 71.26 | 1.74 | |
| Uttarakhand | 5 | ||
| West Bengal | 7.21 | ||
| Others | 0.79 | ||
| Total | 4096.648 | 100 |
Applications
Rural electrification
Lack of electricity infrastructure is one of the main hurdles in the development of rural India. India's grid system is considerably under-developed, with major sections of its populace still surviving off-grid. As of 2004, about 80,000 of the nation's villages had not yet become electrified. Of these villages, 18,000 could not be electrified through an extension of the conventional grid. A target for electrifying 5,000 such villages was set for the Tenth National Five Year Plan (2002–2007). As of 2004, more than 2,700 villages and hamlets had been electrified, mainly using solar photovoltaic systems. Developments in cheap solar technology are considered as a potential alternative that allows an electricity infrastructure consisting of a network of local-grid clusters with distributed electricity generation. It could allow bypassing (or at least relieving) the need to install expensive, lossy, long-distance, centralized power delivery systems and yet bring cheap electricity to the masses.
India currently has around 1.2 million solar home lighting systems and 3.2 million solar lanterns sold/distributed. Also, India has been ranked the number one market in Asia for solar off-grid products.
Projects currently planned include 3,000 villages of Orissa which will be lighted with solar power by 2014.
Solar lamps and lighting
By 2012, a total of 4,600,000 solar lanterns and 861,654 solar powered home lights had been installed. These typically replace kerosene lamps and can be purchased for the cost of a few months worth of kerosene through a small loan. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is offering a 30% to 40% subsidy for the cost of lanterns, home lights and small systems up to 210 Wp. 20 million solar lamps are expected by 2022.
Agricultural support
Solar PV water pumping systems are used for irrigation and drinking water. The majority of the pumps are fitted with a 200–3,000 watt motor that are powered with 1,800 Wp PV array which can deliver about 140,000 litres (37,000 US gal) of water per day from a total head of 10 metres (33 ft). By 30 September 2006, a total of 7,068 solar PV water pumping systems had been installed, and by March 2012, 7,771 had been installed.
Solar driers are used to dry harvests before storage.
Solar water heater
Bangalore has the largest deployment of roof top solar water heaters in India. These heaters generate an energy equivalent of 200 MW.
Bangalore is also the first city in the country to put in place an incentive mechanism by providing a rebate of ₹50 (75¢ US) on monthly electricity bills for residents using roof-top thermal systems.These systems are now mandatory for all new structures.
pune has also recently made installation of solar water heaters in new buildings mandatory
CHALLANGES & OPPORTUNITIES
Land is a scarce resource in India and per capita land availability is low. Dedication of land area for exclusive installation of solar arrays might have to compete with other necessities that require land. The amount of land required for utility-scale solar power plants — currently approximately 1 km2 (250 acres) for every 40–60 MW generated — may pose a strain on India's available land resource. The architecture more suitable for most of India would be a highly distributed set of individual rooftop power generation systems, all connected via a local grid. However, erecting such an infrastructure, which does not enjoy the economies of scale possible in mass, utility-scale, solar panel deployment, needs the market price of solar technology deployment to substantially decline, so that it attracts the individual and average family size household consumer. That might be possible in the future, because PV is projected to continue its current cost reductions and be able to compete with fossil fuel.In the year 2015, the levelized tariff in US$ for solar electricity has fallen below 4 cents/kWh which is far cheaper than the electricity sale price from coal based electricity generation plants in India.[91]
Government can provide subsidies for the production of PV panels, in which there will be reduction in the market price and this can lead to more usage of solar power in India. In the past three years, solar-generation costs here have dropped from around ₹18 (27¢ US) a kWh to about ₹7 (11¢ US) a kWh, whereas power from imported coal and domestically-produced natural gas currently costs around ₹4.5(6.8¢ US) a kWh and it is increasing with time.Experts believe that ultra mega solar power plants like the upcoming world’s largest 4,000 MW UMPP in Rajasthan, would be able to produce power for around ₹5 (7.5¢ US) a kWh.
Some noted think-tanks recommend that India should adopt a policy of developing solar power as a dominant component of the renewable energy mix, since being a densely populated region in the sunny tropical belt the subcontinent has the ideal combination of both high solar and therefore a big potential consumer base density. In one of the analysed scenarios, India can make renewable resources such as solar the backbone of its economy by 2050, reining in its long-term carbon emissions without compromising its economic growth potential. A recent study has suggested that 100 GW of solar power could be generated through a mix of utility-scale and rooftop solar, with the realizable potential for rooftop solar between 57 GW to 76 GW by 2024
Solar Radiation Resource Assessment stations (51 nos) have been installed across India by the (MNRE) to create database of solar energy potential. Data is collected and reported to the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), in order to create a Solar Atlas. On June 2015, India started a 40 crore project to measure of solar radiation with a spatial resolution of 3 km x 3 km. Built over a period of three years and a cost of nearly `40 crore, the solar radiation measuring network will be the basis on which the Indian Solar Radiation Atlas will function on. According to officials at NIWE - Solar Radiation Resource Assessment wing(SRRA) 121 ground stations would measure the three parameters of Solar radiation ‑- Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI) to give a highly accurate measure of solar radiation in a particular region.
Government support
The government of India is promoting the use of solar energy through various strategies. In the latest budget for 2010/11, the government has announced an allocation of 1000 crore towards the JNU mission and the establishment of a clean energy fund. It is an increase of 380 crore from the previous budget. This new budget has also encouraged private solar companies by reducing customs duty on solar panels by 5% and exempting excise duty on solar photovoltaic panels. This is expected to reduce the cost of a roof-top solar panel installation by 15–20%. The budget also proposed a coal tax of US$1 per metric ton on domestic and imported coal used for power generation. Additionally, the government has initiated a Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) scheme, which is designed to drive investment in low-carbon energy projects.
Government Incentives
As of end Jul 2015, the following are the four most prominent incentives:
1. Accelerated Depreciation: For profit making enterprises installing rooftop solar systems, 80% of total investment can be claimed as depreciation in the first year. This will significantly decrease tax to be paid in Year 1 for profit making companies.
2. Capital Subsidies: Capital subsidies are applicable to rooftop solar power plants, up to a maximum of 500 kW. While the original capital subsidy was 30%, it has recently been reduced to 15%.
3. Renewable Energy Certificates: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are tradable certificates that provide an incentive to those who generate green power by providing financial incentives for every unit of power they generate.
4. Net Metering Incentives: Net metering incentives depends on two aspects - whether the net meter is installed and the other is the incentive policy of the utility company. If there is a net metering incentive policy in our state and if there is a net meter on our rooftop, then we can get financial incentives for the power generated
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